Central Bank Digital Currency: Threats and Vulnerabilities

The Global Transition to Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC)

Central banks worldwide are designing retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) to provide digital fiat currency with cryptographic security and offline resiliency.

Auditing the Swedish e-Krona Prototype

Ian Vitek investigates the architectural blueprint and Corda Token SDK implementation developed for Sweden's central bank (Sveriges Riksbank).

Discovering Flaws in Two-Tier CBDC Token Exchanges

Vitek reveals critical design weaknesses where malicious commercial banks or network intermediaries could manipulate offline transaction tokens and trigger double-spending.

Security and Privacy Governance for Digital Currencies

The author provides foundational architectural recommendations for central banks to ensure transaction finality, prevent systemic counterfeiting, and protect citizen financial privacy.